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What is crack addiction?

Written by Brandon Okey. Mina Draskovic, B.Psy., reviewed this content for accuracy.

Crack is a highly addictive and potent form of cocaine. Since it emerged in the 1980s, crack addiction has had devastating consequences. 

A 2008 Deseret News article reported a 220% increase in crack seizures by Salt Lake County narcotics detectives from 2006 to 2007, indicating a surge in crack availability. This highlights the extensive damage caused by crack addiction across the U.S.

Table of Contents

Addiction to crack is often difficult to kick. If you find yourself struggling to overcome this challenge, our crack addiction treatment center provides the support and guidance you need.

What type of drug is crack?

Crack cocaine, or simply crack, is a highly addictive and potent stimulant drug. It is made by mixing baking soda or ammonia with powdered cocaine and water, then heating the mixture to create a solid “rock” that can be smoked.

Crack names in the U.S.

Crack goes by many street names. Some of these slang terms reflect crack’s potent and addictive nature: 

  • Rocks
  • Ready rock
  • Nuggets
  • Cookies
  • Crumbs
  • Hard rock
  • Candy
  • Gravel
  • Pebbles
  • Gems

How is crack used?

All the ways crack is used involve heating the rock-like form of the drug and inhaling the vapors to produce an intense high. There are several ways you can do this:

  • Smoking from a glass pipe: the crack rock is placed in the pipe and heated from below, with the vapors inhaled through the mouthpiece. 
  • Freebasing: the crack is heated on a smooth surface and the fumes are inhaled through a tube or rolled-up dollar bill. 
  • Lacing with marijuana or tobacco: pieces of crack rock are crumbled up pieces and mixed in with marijuana or tobacco cigarettes.
  • Using a heat-resistant bottle or can: makeshift “crack pipes” are fashioned from bottles or aluminum cans with small holes poked near the bottom to inhale the vapors.

Regardless of the method, crack has a rapid onset of effects, produces an intense high, and causes even more intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It’s an extremely addictive and destructive substance that causes rapid deterioration of the user’s physical and mental health.

Why do people get addicted to crack?

Crack cocaine is one of the most instantly addictive substances known to man. Here are some of the risk factors for developing crack addiction:

  1. Socioeconomic factors. Poverty, lack of economic opportunity, and living in disenfranchised neighborhoods with high crime rates are major risk factors for crack addiction. The stresses of impoverished living conditions and a sense of hopelessness can drive people to self-medicate with crack’s temporary high. 
  2. Low cost and accessibility. Crack is inexpensive to produce and purchase. Its widespread availability, even in impoverished areas, enables and perpetuates its abuse.
  3. Family influences. Those who grow up in an environment where crack use is prevalent can be influenced to try the drug. Parents, siblings, or peers who use crack increase access and exposure.
  4. Mental health issues. Many people suffering from depression, anxiety disorders, and other mental health battles are more prone to self-medicating with crack. The temporary feelings of euphoria can become a coping mechanism to escape emotional pain.
  5. Gateway from other drugs. Many fall into crack’s grip after first abusing other substances such as alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine powder. The progression from snorting to smoking produces a more intense, immediate high that easily hooks users struggling with other addictions.
  6. Experimentation. Most adolescents initially try crack out of rebellion, a thrill-seeking impulse, or a desire to escape reality. Because of its highly addictive nature, they quickly become addicted after their first experience. 

Ardu’s rehab center provides an evidence-based approach to crack addiction treatment that helps people overcome their dependency and build a foundation for lasting recovery. With the right support, it is possible to break free from the grip of crack addiction and lead a healthy, fulfilling life.

Signs of crack addiction

No single symptom definitively indicates addiction, but certain behavioral, physical, and psychological changes are common red flags that someone is addicted to crack.

Physical signs of crack addiction include:

  • Drastic weight loss
  • Burn marks on lips or fingers from crack pipes
  • Frequent nosebleeds
  • Frequent respiratory issues
  • Dilated pupils
  • Excessive sweating or shakiness
  • Insomnia or unusual sleeping patterns
  • Neglected physical appearance

Psychological changes in a person who’s addicted to crack may include:

  • Increased paranoia
  • Unprovoked feelings of anger and aggression
  • Bizarre, erratic, or delusional thought patterns
  • Intense drug cravings and an inability to cut back on use
  • Frequent disappearances or going on binges for days at a time
  • Lying, stealing, and engaging in other uncharacteristic behavior
  • Severe mood swings and volatile emotional outbursts
  • Socially withdrawal and loss of interest in hobbies and daily responsibilities
  • Risky behaviors such as promiscuity or illegal activities
  • Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues
  • Money problems from spending on crack

If you suspect someone you care about is exhibiting these signs, urge them to seek professional help. Ardu Recovery Center offers medical assistance and addresses the root of crack use disorder. We will guide you through your rehab journey to overcome crack addiction in the safest way possible.

How does crack influence the brain?

A 2016 The Conversation article ranked crack cocaine as the third most damaging drug in the world. Crack hijacks the brain’s natural reward system, reprograms reward pathways, and depletes critical neurotransmitters to create intense drug cravings and compulsive addictive behaviors. Here’s how that works:

  • The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. It reaches the brain within ten seconds of smoking, causing an intense dopamine surge. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates the brain’s reward and pleasure circuits. A rush in dopamine causes feelings of pleasure and euphoria, known as the “high.”
  • The flood of dopamine also disrupts normal brain communication and overloads the reward circuit. The brain is tricked into thinking the dopamine surge is related to healthy, life-sustaining behaviors that should be repeated. 
  • The euphoric rush produced by crack is short-lived—it lasts for only 5–10 minutes. The more you use it, the more intense cravings you’ll experience. A 2009 study explains that the brain reduces its dopamine receptors, producing less dopamine naturally. It’s becoming difficult to experience pleasure from anything other than more crack—you need more of the drug to compensate for the lack of dopamine. Over time, you develop tolerance and dependence. 
  • The binging behavior further alters your brain’s reward pathways, establishing powerful addictive neural connections that are difficult to overcome.

Because of the way crack and other stimulants impact the brain, addiction is viewed as a brain disease. If you’re struggling with drug or alcohol addiction, Ardu has your back. Our compassionate care and effective drug and alcohol rehab center help you reclaim your life. 

What are the symptoms of crack withdrawal?

When someone becomes physically dependent on crack cocaine and stops using it, they experience uncomfortable and potentially dangerous withdrawal effects. They occur because the brain has become chemically reliant on the drug’s dopamine-flooding effects. As crack is metabolized out of the body, depleted dopamine triggers a range of psychological and physical symptoms. 

Physical symptoms include:

  • Muscle pain, tremors, and nerve pain
  • Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
  • Chills, night sweats, and fever
  • Irregularities in blood pressure and heart rate
  • Intense headaches and insomnia
  • Respiratory issues such as coughing and breathing problems

Psychological symptoms of crack cocaine withdrawal include:

  • Intense drug cravings 
  • Anxiety, agitation, and irritability
  • Fatigue and lethargy
  • Mental confusion and lack of motivation
  • Mood swings and violent outbursts
  • Psychosis, paranoia, and delusional thinking

The onset of withdrawal for crack can begin just 90 minutes after the last dose, with peak symptoms typically between 2–4 days. Effects can last up to several weeks, with persistent cravings and psychological dependence lasting much longer. 

The intensity of crack withdrawal is one of the biggest hurdles preventing many from getting and staying clean. Our crack detox center focuses on providing a safe, medically supervised environment to get you through withdrawal as comfortably as possible. With round-the-clock care, medication assistance, and counseling during detox, we give you the support needed to successfully break crack’s physical hold.

How does crack affect health?

Crack cocaine addiction can utterly devastate nearly every aspect of physical and mental health. Here are some of the most common ways crack damages health:

  • Lung damage and respiratory issues. Smoking crack causes heavy scarring and damage to the lung tissue. An article from Rehabs UK explains that smoking crack cocaine irritates the respiratory system, leading to persistent coughing, wheezing, and increased susceptibility to pneumonia and other lung infections such as chronic bronchitis and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Crack use increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. This intense cardiovascular strain makes users more susceptible to heart attacks, strokes, and other potentially fatal cardiovascular emergencies.
  • Severe weight loss and malnutrition. Crack use drastically reduces appetite and the ability to maintain healthy eating habits. The combination of not eating, frequent vomiting, and the drug’s metabolic effects causes extreme weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, and malnutrition that damages multiple organ systems.
  • Liver, kidney, and brain damage. The toxic effects of crack cocaine damage vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and every other important body part. Organ damage is worsened by malnutrition and lack of sleep during binges. The negative effects include: 
    • Liver disease and hepatitis
    • Kidney failure
    • Cognitive impairments and long-term brain damage
    • Disruption of the endocrine system
    • Severe muscle weakness and muscle wasting
    • Vision problems and eye damage
    • Frequent nosebleeds and nasal cavity erosion
    • Skin abscesses and soft tissue infections
  • Destruction of teeth and gums. Crack dries the mouth and causes tooth grinding. The combination of cracked teeth, excessive acidity, and lack of saliva production promotes severe dental decay and tooth loss known as “meth mouth.” Brazilian researchers found that crack cocaine users had higher severity of dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease compared to non-users.
  • Disrupted brain development in adolescents. Crack use in adolescence can damage crucial brain development and wiring that still occurs during the teenage years. This may lead to potentially irreversible cognitive deficits.

The list of negative health effects of crack use is too long. The most dangerous and devastating effect is the risk of overdose and death. 

The risk of a crack overdose

An overdose occurs when there is a toxic, life-threatening amount of crack in the body. This can happen if you binge on too large a quantity, use impure products containing contaminants, or from crack’s effects on heart rate and body temperature. 

You can recognize a crack overdose by:

  • Extremely high body temperature (over 104°F)
  • Irregular or stopped breathing
  • Seizures or convulsions
  • Severe chest pains
  • Unconsciousness or unresponsiveness
  • Nosebleeds or other bleeding
  • Foaming at the mouth
  • Gurgling noises
  • Blue-tinged fingernails or lips
  • Stroke symptoms such as numbness and slurred speech
  • Cardiac arrest

If you notice someone exhibiting these signs after using crack, call 911 right away.

To overcome the powerful grip of crack addiction, the first step is to seek professional help. Crack addiction is a serious medical condition and requires a reputable crack cocaine treatment program such as Ardu’s evidence-based recovery programs.

How is crack addiction treated?

I’ve been to many other treatment centers but none of them feel like Ardu. Ardu is such a loving, compassionate, and spiritual place! The staff truly cared about me and taught me so much about myself. They’ve made such a positive impact on my life. Ardu will always be my family and I’m eternally grateful For the safe place they create in order for me and others to heal.

Laskah Clarke

At Ardu, we understand the challenges and complexities of crack cocaine addiction, and we are committed to supporting you every step of the way. Our treatment approach is personalized to your specific needs, providing the focused care necessary to address the root causes and powerfully addictive nature of your addiction.

Some of the therapies and programs we offer include:

  • Medical detox: our medically supervised detox program helps you safely and comfortably manage withdrawal symptoms.
  • Dual diagnosis treatment: if you are struggling with a co-occurring mental health disorder alongside your crack addiction, our dual diagnosis program addresses both issues simultaneously.
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): this proven therapy helps you identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with addiction, developing coping strategies to maintain long-term sobriety.
  • Medication-assisted treatment: in some cases, medication is used to manage cravings and ease withdrawal symptoms.
  • Residential treatment programs: they provide a structured, supportive environment where you can focus on your recovery without the distractions and triggers of everyday life.

The first step in your journey to a crack-free life is detox. 

Crack detox program

Our specialized crack detox program provides around-the-clock medical supervision and care to ensure your safety and comfort as your body goes through withdrawal. Our experienced clinical team develops individualized treatment plans tailored specifically to your needs in overcoming crack addiction.

We use effective medication-assisted treatments when necessary to alleviate the often excruciating physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms. We want to make this difficult process as smooth and comfortable as possible.

In addition to traditional medical detox protocols, we incorporate holistic therapies such as nutritional therapy, yoga, amino acid therapy, and massage. These complementary approaches help relax the nervous system, restore balance, and ease your transition as your body readjusts to life without crack.

After successfully completing detox, you’ll transition into our intensive inpatient or outpatient rehab where you’ll engage in proven behavioral therapies, counseling, and peer support to build the skills for lifelong recovery.

Crack rehab program

At our crack rehab center, we provide compassionate care to help you reclaim your health, happiness, and purpose. We offer comprehensive inpatient and outpatient treatments tailored to your unique needs. 

Inpatient treatment provides round-the-clock structured support and intensive therapy daily. The benefits of our residential addiction treatment program are:

  • A safe, trigger-free environment to focus completely on your recovery
  • Constant access to medical care and counseling
  • A tightly structured daily schedule centered on healing
  • Building a recovery community with peers for motivation

Outpatient treatment options allow you to maintain your personal life while getting help every week, on a bi-weekly basis, and even daily if needed. You can choose our intensive outpatient programs or partial hospitalization programs, and work with us to find an outpatient program that works best for you.

The advantages of our outpatient treatment include:

  • More flexibility to continue working or caregiving
  • Lower costs than inpatient programs
  • Applying skills learned in your natural environment
  • Options range from intensive outpatient programs to more simple therapy sessions

Our team will thoughtfully assess your needs and insurance coverage to determine if residential care or outpatient care will give you the best chance of success given your current situation. 

Successful recovery is possible—we’re here to guide you. Contact Ardu Recovery Center today.

Read our admissions process page for more information.

Brandon Okey

Brandon Okey is the co-founder of Ardu Recovery Center and is dedicated to empowering people on their journey to sobriety.

Crack addiction FAQ

How common is crack use?

Crack cocaine is one of the most addictive forms of cocaine and a major drug of abuse in the United States. According to a 2007 article, crack cocaine was the primary drug of abuse in 2006 in 178,475 admissions to treatment, representing 71% of all primary cocaine admissions that year in the United States.

While overall cocaine use disorder rates have declined in recent years, crack remains a persistent public health concern, particularly in urban areas impacted by the crack epidemic of the 1980s-90s. The intense euphoric effects and relatively low cost of crack contribute to continued abuse and addiction.

What are the risks of using cocaine?

The effects of cocaine use can be extremely dangerous and potentially lethal. Some of the major risks include heart failure, heart attack, stroke, seizures, sudden death, abdominal pain, nausea, and erratic violent behavior. Long-term use can cause:

  • Paranoid psychosis
  • Bowel decay
  • Erratic violent outbursts
  • Damage to vital organs
  • Nasal and sinus issues from snorting powder cocaine
  • An increased risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV through sharing paraphernalia
  • Overdose

How can I help someone who is addicted to cocaine?

If someone is struggling with cocaine or crack addiction, the most important things to do are:

  1. Avoid judgment
  2. Express your support and concern for their wellbeing
  3. Encourage them to seek professional substance abuse treatment
  4. Maintain open communication
  5. Involve caring family members in the treatment process

Our reliable inpatient treatment facility employs medical detox, cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, and other evidence-based approaches to treat cocaine use disorder. 

Why is addiction considered a brain disease?

Addiction, including cocaine addiction, is classified as a brain disease by leading health organizations such as the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Substance use disorders (SUDs) are considered medical diseases because they involve physiological impairment and changes in brain circuitry related to reward, motivation, memory, judgment, and behavior control. These long-lasting brain changes brought on by prolonged drug abuse make relapses common and underscore the chronic nature of the disease.

How much cocaine is considered lethal?

There is no definitive “lethal” amount of cocaine that applies to all users because toxicity can depend on their body size, brain chemistry, overall health, and tolerance levels. Anecdotal evidence suggests that amounts of just 500–1,000 milligrams have proven fatal in some people with low to no tolerance. For frequent users, lethal amounts tend to involve multiple-gram quantities due to built-up physical dependence. Purity levels also play a major role—crack and freebase forms are much more potent than powdered cocaine hydrochloride.

Is alcohol a drug?

Alcohol is considered a psychoactive drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. While legally regulated, alcohol meets all criteria as an addictive drug capable of inducing physical and psychological dependence. Alcohol intoxication can cause motor impairment, lowered inhibitions, slurred speech, memory lapses, and in severe cases, respiratory depression and death. 

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcoholism involving heavy, prolonged drinking can lead to liver disease, cancer, brain damage, and other devastating health effects. Like other drugs, alcohol alters the brain’s neurotransmitter levels and reward pathways.

Resources

Crack, cocaine found in S.L. smoke shop search. (2024, January 7). Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/2008/12/7/20289990/crack-cocaine-found-in-s-l-smoke-shop-search/

Bowman, E. (n.d.). The five most addictive substances on Earth – and what they do to your brain. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-five-most-addictive-substances-on-earth-and-what-they-do-to-your-brain-54862

Martinez, D., Greene, K., Broft, A., Kumar, D., Liu, F., Narendran, R., Slifstein, M., Heertum, R. V., & Kleber, H. D. (2009). Lower Level of Endogenous Dopamine in Patients With Cocaine Dependence: Findings From PET Imaging of D2/D3 Receptors Following Acute Dopamine Depletion. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(10), 1170. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121801

What Smoking Cocaine Does to Your Lungs. (n.d.). https://rehabsuk.com/blog/what-smoking-cocaine-does-to-your-lungs/

Antoniazzi RP, Palmeira RV, Schöffer C, Dos Santos BZ, Zanatta FB, Feldens CA. Use of crack cocaine increases tooth loss. Am J Dent. 2021 Dec;34(6):317-321. PMID: 35051319.

Treadwell, S. D., & Robinson, T. G. (2007). Cocaine use and stroke. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 83(980), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970

Dackis CA, O’Brien CP. Cocaine dependence: a disease of the brain’s reward centers. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2001 Oct;21(3):111-7. doi: 10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00192-1. PMID: 11728784.

Further reading

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Understanding methadone addiction

The best cocaine rehab center